Relevance of the weak equivalence principle and experiments to test it: lessons from the past and improvements expected in space

Tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) probe the foundations of physics. Ever since Galileo in the early 1600s, WEP tests have attracted some of the best experimentalists of any time. Progress has come in bursts, each stimulated by the introduction of a new technique: the torsion balance, signal modulation by Earth rotation, the rotating torsion balance. Tests for various materials in the field of the Earth and the Sun have found no violation to the level of about 1 part in 1e13. A different technique, Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), has reached comparable precision. Today, both laboratory tests and LLR have reached a point when improving by a factor of 10 is extremely hard. The promise of another quantum leap in precision rests on experiments performed in low Earth orbit. The Microscope satellite, launched in April 2016 and currently taking data, aims to test WEP in the field of Earth to 1e-15, a 100-fold improvement possible thanks to a driving signal in orbit almost 500 times stronger than for torsion balances on ground. The `Galileo Galilei' (GG) experiment, by combining the advantages of space with those of the rotating torsion balance, aims at a WEP test 100 times more precise than Microscope, to 1e-17. A quantitative comparison of the key issues in the two experiments is presented, along with recent experimental measurements relevant for GG. Early results from Microscope, reported at a conference in March 2017, show measurement performance close to the expectations and confirm the key role of rotation with the advantage (unique to space) of rotating the whole spacecraft. Any non-null result from Microscope would be a major discovery and call for urgent confirmation; with 100 times better precision GG could settle the matter and provide a deeper probe of the foundations of physics.Comment: To appear: Physics Letters A, special issue in memory of Professor Vladimir Braginsky, 2017. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2017.09.02

Topological Yang-Mills cohomology in pure Yang-Mills Theory

Using the first order formalism (BFYM) of the Yang-Mills theory we show that it displays an embedded topological sector corresponding to the field content of the Topological Yang-Mills theory (TYM). This picture arises after a proper redefinition of the fields of BFYM and gives a clear representation of the non perturbative part of the theory in terms of the topological sector. In this setting the calculation of the $vev$ of a YM observable is translated into the calculation of a corresponding (non topological) quantity in TYM. We then compare the topological observables of TYM with a similar set of observables for BFYM and discuss the possibility of describing topological observables in YM theory.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, one reference added, to appear in Phys. Lett.

Testing the equivalence principle in space after the MICROSCOPE mission

Tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) can reveal a new, composition dependent, force of nature, or disprove many models of new physics. For the first time, such a test is being successfully carried out in space by the MICROSCOPE satellite. Early results show no violation of the WEP sourced by the Earth for Pt and Ti test masses with random errors (after 8.26 d of integration time) of about 1 part in 1014 and systematic errors of the same magnitude. This result improves by about 10 times over the best ground tests with rotating torsion balances despite 70 times less sensitivity to differential accelerations, thanks to the much stronger driving signal in orbit. The measurement is limited by thermal noise from internal damping in the gold wires used for electrical grounding, related to their fabrication and clamping. This noise was shown to decrease when the spacecraft was set to rotate faster than planned. The result will improve by the end of the mission, as thermal noise decreases with more data. Not so systematic errors. We investigate major nongravitational effects and find that MICROSCOPE's "zero-check" sensor, with test masses both made of Pt, does not allow their separation from the signal. The early test reports an upper limit of systematic errors in the Pt-Ti sensor, which are not detected in the Pt-Pt one, hence would not be distinguished from a violation. Once all the integration time available is used to reduce random noise, there will be no time left to check systematics. MICROSCOPE demonstrates the huge potential of space for WEP tests of very high precision and indicates how to reach it. To realize the potential, a new experiment needs the spacecraft to be in rapid, stable rotation around the symmetry axis (by conservation of angular momentum), needs high quality state-of-the-art mechanical suspensions as in the most precise gravitational experiments on ground, and must allow multiple checks to discriminate a violation signal from systematic errors. The design of the "Galileo Galilei" (GG) experiment, aiming to test the WEP to 1 part in 1017 unites all the needed features, indicating that a quantum leap in space is possible provided the new experiment heeds the lessons of MICROSCOPE

Irrigation protocol used between specialists in endodontics and general dentists of the province of Mendoza, Argentina

La terapia endodóntica tiene como uno de sus objetivos lograr la completa desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares para poder garantizar el éxito del tratamiento. Dentro de esta fase adquiere una importancia significativa la irrigación de los mismos con diferentes soluciones que eliminen restos pulpares necróticos, líquidos hísticos, bacterias, porciones de tejido momificado y tejido vivo que se encuentra en la porción apical del conducto radicular, como así también los productos de la instrumentación. Es por eso que se deben seleccionar sustancias irrigantes que tengan la capacidad de eliminar tanto las sustancias orgánicas como las inorgánicas. En endodoncia se entiende por irrigación el lavado de las paredes del conducto con una o más soluciones antisépticas, y la aspiración de su contenido con aparatos de succión. Los irrigantes cumplen importantes funciones físicas y biológicas en el tratamiento endodóntico. El hipoclorito de sodio es la solución irrigadora más utilizada en endodoncia debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y fisicoquímicas. Es capaz de disolver tanto el tejido vital como el necrótico del interior de los conductos radiculares. La clorhexidina es un antiséptico antimicrobiano. Como irrigante endodóntico es utilizada en concentraciones de 0,12 o 2%. El EDTA es un agente quelante que actúa únicamente sobre los tejidos calcificados y apenas afectan al tejido periapical. Metodología: Se distribuirán 60 encuestas a odontólogos especialistas en endodoncia y 60 a odontólogos generalistas de la provincia de Mendoza y el correspondiente consentimiento informado para participar en el proyecto de investigación respondiendo la misma (ANEXO I Y II).Esta encuesta constará de 17 preguntas que recaudará datos acerca del tipo y concentración de irrigantes, eliminación de la capa de barro dentinario y uso de coadyuvantes a la irrigación. Esta encuesta constará de preguntas de tipo cerradas que consisten en clasificaciones en forma numérica, selecciones múltiples y preguntas de tipo abiertas con opciones para escribir las respuestas cuando sea apropiado. La encuesta será entregada en formato papel y se les dará a los profesionales un período de 15 días para su resolución. Los datos serán recolectados y se confeccionará una tabla ad hoc para su posterior análisis estadístico mediante la utilización de Software SPSS versión 22.Introduction: Endodontic therapy has as one of its objectives to achieve the complete disinfection of the root canal system in order to guarantee the success of the treatment. Within this phase, the irrigation of the same with different solutions that eliminate necrotic pulp remains, tissue liquids, bacteria, mummified tissue portions and living tissue that is found in the apical portion of the root canal, as well as the products of the instrumentation. That is why you should select irrigating substances that have the ability to eliminate both organic and inorganic substances. In endodontics, irrigation means the washing of the walls of the canal with one or more antiseptic solutions, and the aspiration of its contents with suction devices. The irrigant fulfills important physical and biological functions in the endodontic treatment. Sodium hypochlorite is the irrigating solution most used in endodontics due to its antimicrobial and physicochemical properties. It is capable of dissolving both the vital tissue and the necrotic tissue inside the root canals. Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial antiseptic. As an endodontic irrigator it is used in concentrations of 0.12 or 2%. EDTA is a chelating agent that acts only on calcified tissues and scarcely affects the periapical tissue. Methodology: 60 surveys will be distributed to odontologists specialists in endodontics and 60 to general practitioners of the province of Mendoza and the corresponding informed consent to participate in the research project responding the same (ANNEX I AND II).This survey will consist of 17 questions that will collect data about the type and concentration of irrigant, elimination of the layer of dentine clay and use of adjuvants to irrigation. This survey will consist of closed type questions that consist of numerical classifications, multiple selections and open type questions with options to write the answers when appropriate.The survey will be delivered in paper format and professionals will be given a period of 15 days to resolve it.The data will be collected and an ad hoc table will be prepared for further statistical analysis by using SPSS Software version 22

Exact anomalous dimensions of {\cal N}=4 Yang-Mills operators with large R charge

In a {\cal N}=1 superspace formulation of {\cal N}=4 Yang-Mills theory we obtain the anomalous dimensions of chiral operators with large R charge J \to \infty keeping g^2 N/J^2 finite, to all orders of perturbation theory in the planar limit. Our result proves the conjecture that the anomalous dimensions are indeed finite in the above limit. This amounts to an exact check of the proposed duality between a sector of {\cal N}=4 Yang-Mills theory with large R charge J and string theory in a pp-wave background.Comment: 6 pages, LaTex; v2: minor change

Study of the assisted population in the specialty career in endodontics : FO UNCuyo. Mendoza

En epidemiología existen estudios y descripciones de la salud y enfermedad que ocurren en una población determinada, teniendo en cuenta una serie de “Patrones de la enfermedad", el tiempo y lugar en donde aparece la enfermedad, y aquellas personas con más probabilidades de sufrirla. Estas enfermedades en endodoncia son las patologías pulpares y periapicales. Un estudio prospectivo se llevó a cabo en pacientes que fueron tratados durante el período comprendido entre 2016 y 2017 en la Carrera de Especialización de Endodoncia FO. UN Cuyo. Para este estudio se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, localidad donde reside el paciente, diente afectado, patología presente. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un estudio de esta población mediante la recolección de datos de la historia clínica diseñada para la atención de los pacientes tratados en la Carrera de Especialización en Endodoncia. FO UN Cuyo - 2016 – 2017In epidemiology there are studies and descriptions of the health and disease that occur in a given population, taking into account a series of “Patterns of the disease", the time and place where the disease appears, and those people most likely to suffer it. These diseases in endodontics are the pulpal and periapical pathologies. A prospective study was carried out on patients who were treated during the period between 2016 and 2017 in the Endodontic Specialization Career FO. UN Cuyo. For this study, the following variables were taken into account: age, sex, location where the patient resides, affected tooth, present pathology. The objective of this study was to conduct a study of this population through the collection of data from the clinical history designed for the care of patients treated in the Specialization Course in Endodontics. FO UN Cuyo -2016 - 2017Fil: Anselmi, Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Reyes, María Gimena. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Odontologí

Relating Implicit Bias and Adversarial Attacks through Intrinsic Dimension

Despite their impressive performance in classification, neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. These attacks are small perturbations of the input data designed to fool the model. Naturally, a question arises regarding the potential connection between the architecture, settings, or properties of the model and the nature of the attack. In this work, we aim to shed light on this problem by focusing on the implicit bias of the neural network, which refers to its inherent inclination to favor specific patterns or outcomes. Specifically, we investigate one aspect of the implicit bias, which involves the essential Fourier frequencies required for accurate image classification. We conduct tests to assess the statistical relationship between these frequencies and those necessary for a successful attack. To delve into this relationship, we propose a new method that can uncover non-linear correlations between sets of coordinates, which, in our case, are the aforementioned frequencies. By exploiting the entanglement between intrinsic dimension and correlation, we provide empirical evidence that the network bias in Fourier space and the target frequencies of adversarial attacks are closely tied

Antibiotic prescription pattern in the school of dentistry UNCuyo, in the treatment of infections of endodontic origin

En la mayoría de los casos las defensas del organismo actúan controlando las agresiones bacterianas, el papel de los antibióticos es sólo de terapia coadyuvante, debemos limitar su uso solo para situaciones clínicas que lo ameriten.El objetivo fue identificar las prácticas de prescripción de antibióticos en el tratamiento de infecciones endodónticas. Se distribuyeron 100 encuestas a docentes y alumnos de posgrado de la FO UN Cuyo. El antibiótico que se prescribió con mayor frecuencia fue la amoxicilina y la amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico. Esta preferencia cambió en pacientes alérgicos, predominando la azitromicina. La situación en donde con mayor frecuencia se prescribió antibióticos fue necrosis pulpar con PAA, hinchazón, síntomas preoperatorios leves o moderados. Es nuestro deber contribuir para que, los antibióticos continúen siendo eficaces en el manejo de las enfermedades infecciosas. Para esto, debemos estar actualizados y actuar conscientemente, reconociendo las indicaciones para el uso responsable de los antibióticosIn most cases the body’s defenses act controlling bacterial aggressions, the role of antibiotics is only adjuvant therapy, we must limit its use only for clinical situations that warrant it. The objective was to identify antibiotic prescription practices in the treatment of endodontic infections. 100 surveys were distributed to teachers and postgraduate students of the FO UN Cuyo. Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid were the antibiotics that were prescribed the most. This preference changed in allergic patients, predominating Azithromycin. Pulmonary necrosis with PAA, swelling, mild or moderate preoperative symptoms were the most frequent antibiotics. It is our duty to contribute so that antibiotics continue to be effective in the management of infectious diseases. For this, we must be updated and act consciously, recognizing the indications for the responsible use of antibioticsFil: Peña, Graciela Roxana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Rodríguez, Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Anselmi, Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Barrera Borio, Maira Sol. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: González, Ana Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Reyes, María Gimena. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Odontologí